According to ISO 17357, floating pneumatic rubber fenders are those fenders which are made of synthetic-cord-reinforced rubber sheet with compressed air inside to enable it to float on the water and work as a shock absorber between two ships, or between ships and berthing structures when they come alongside each other on the water.
Structures of floating pneumatic rubber fenders:
1. Outer rubber
Rubber layer that covers the outside of the fender to protect the cord layers and the inner liner rubber from abrasion and other external forces.
2. Inner rubber
Liner of a rubber membrane that seals the pressurized air inside the fender.
3. Synthetic-tyre-cord layer for reinforcement
Layer made of synthetic-tyre-cord fabric, which maintains the internal air pressure of the fender.
NOTE As the main fibres of the synthetic-tyre-cord fabric are not braided like synthetic canvas fabric or synthetic belt fabric, there are advantages for its fatigue-resistance performance and pressure-holding performance.
4. Bead ring
Steel ring which is placed at one end (or both ends) of the fender and holds the end of cord layers.
5. Flange opening
Steel flange, which is mounted on the fender, to which an air valve or safety valve can be adapted.
Performance test, parallel compression test
To determine the performance of the fenders, a performance test shall be performed. Applying a compressive force perpendicularly to the fender, the fender shall be compressed until its energy absorption reaches the guaranteed energy absorption (GEA) value. The compression speed shall not exceed 80 mm/min. The reaction force and internal pressure shall be recorded at least every 5 % percentage deflection. The percentage deflection, y, and the energy absorption, a, are calculated as follows.
y = (Lc/D)×100
where
y is the percentage deflection;
Lc is the compression length, in millimetres;
D is the original diameter, in millimetres (i.e. the fender diameter at initial pressure).
a = ∫R(x)dx
where
R(x) is the reaction at a given deflection;
dx is the incremental deflection.
The test shall be repeated twice with an interval of 5 min between the two tests. The energy absorption and the reaction force shall be obtained from the mean value of the two test records.
A fender meets the required GEA performance if it achieves 100% of its GEA energy absorption without exceeding 65% deflection and of 110% of its GEA reaction.
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